人类活动的环境效应及生态环境变迁研究述评

生态环境变迁是指人类由于资源利用活动过程中对自然、社会、经济系统较长时期相互作用最终导致该区域生态环境在时间、空间上产生的累积环境效应.国际上生态环境变迁研究主要归属到侧重于自然科学的生态环境变化研究方面,尤其是关注近代工业革命以来由于全球气候变暖、温室效应、酸雨、臭氧层空洞等全球及区域性重大环境变迁的深入研究.在我国,生态环境变迁研究主要归属到环境史研究领域.主要涉及历史上的农业经济、土地利用与垦殖、草原与畜牧业发展、城镇经济、森林砍伐利用、沙漠化对生态环境变迁互动影响研究.本文在分析总结1994年以来有关生态环境变迁研究主要文献基础上,提出了至今为止我国生态环境变迁研究领域存在的一些主要并需尽快解决的研究热点和难点问题,以及今后该研究领域需要重点关注的研究领域.     

论生态环境规制改革

生态环境（产品）几乎都有外部性问题,生态环境领域是公共产权进入最为密集的领域,因此公共规制在生态领域具有巨大的潜在作用。在我国生态环境规制改革进程中,既要强化对生态规制者的规制、建立生态公共租金消散机制,又要放松规制与优化规制并举,实行政企分开的生态规制体制,对规制者和被规制者引入激励性规制,优化政府的生态规制手段和生态规制结构,克服市场失灵与规制失灵给生态环境带来的弊端。     

生态位在企业人才安全内涵探讨的应用

在探讨人才安全的涵义时,通过引入生态位原理,系统分析了企业人才安全的运行机理和基本内涵,指出企业人才安全就是企业人才系统与管理系统相匹配,从而达到企业和人才都能发展的动态平衡状态。并依据人才安全的运行机理,设计出切实可行的企业人才安全评价指标体系,然后运用模糊综合评判方法对实例进行验证,得出对企业人才安全的评价。     

关于工程监理与工程项目管理的几点思考

探讨了目前鼓励推广的工程项目管理与目前正在实施的工程监理的区别与联系,主要包括这几方面问题的一些思考:管理服务范围对比,工程管理中立场问题,投资主体性质及其对工程项目管理需求、工程监理与工程项目管理并存体制。     

公共管理社会化与公共服务市场化--美国"政府再造"对珠海市城市管理制度创新的启示

文章认为公共管理社会化与公共服务市场化是美国“政府再造”的重要政策工具。在分析美国地方政府推行公共管理社会化和公共服务市场化经验教训以及珠海城市管理面临问题基础上 ,提出珠海城市管理体制创新的具体策略 ,包括 (1)推动非政府、非营利组织发展 ;(2 )大力推进社区建设 ;(3)完善“两级政府、三级管理”的城市管理体系 ;(4)全面开展公共服务市场化改革 ;(5 )吸引非国有资本参与基础设施建设 (6 )建立科学的政府绩效评估制度。     

科技自主创新生态群落模式及对策研究

运用生态学的基本原理对科技自主创新的生态群落模式进行研究,在分析科技自主创新生态链的基础上,研究了科技自主创新群落的运行机理,提出了科技自主创新生态群落的设计思路和方法,最后结合汽车产业的特点进行了案例分析。     

Integrating ecosystem services into conservation assessments: A review

A call has been made for conservation planners to include ecosystem services into their assessments of conservation priority areas. The need to develop an integrated approach to meeting different conservation objectives and a shift in focus towards human wellbeing are some of the motivations behind this call. There is currently no widely accepted approach to planning for ecosystem services. This study contributes towards the development of this approach through a review of conservation assessments and the extent to which they include ecosystem services. Of the 476 conservation assessments identified by a set of search terms on the Web of Science, 100 were randomly selected for this review. Of these only seven had included ecosystem services, while another 13 had referred to ecosystem services as a rationale for conservation without including them in the assessment. The majority of assessments were based on biodiversity pattern data while 19 used data on ecological processes. A total of 11 of these 19 assessments used processes, which could be linked to services. Ecosystem services have witnessed an increase in attention received in conservation assessments since the year 2000, however trends were not apparent beyond this date. In order to assess which types of ecosystem services and how they have been accounted for in conservation assessments, we extended our review to include an additional nine conservation assessments which included ecosystem services. The majority included cultural ecosystem services, followed by regulatory, provisioning and supporting services respectively. We conclude with an analysis of the constraints and opportunities for the integration of ecosystem services into conservation assessments and highlight the urgent need for an appropriate framework for planning for ecosystem services.     

区域生态环境建设补偿问题的初步探讨

区域生态环境建设的补偿问题，即如何对那些生态环境建设的直接效应的受损者与受益者之间进行公平性调控，亦即受益者对受损者如何进行补偿的问题，可以有多种不同的研究角度。其中之一为地理学理论视界。本文运用地理学的研究核心“人地关系地域系统”的思想分析了区域生态环境的补偿问题，得出了生态环境的建设地域应该得到多元补偿和应该以生态环境建设产业或企业为主体来运作多元补偿的资本的结论。     

以新的发展观看西部生态经济开发的创新模式

以新的发展观来看,西部经济发展必须从系统、协调和可持续发展的理念出发,以跨越式的发展方式、市场化的发展道路,形成人与经济、人与自然协调发展的生态经济的目标模式。这就需要在西部形成一套生态经济开发的创新机制,这个创新机制包括观念创新、理论创新、制度创新和实践创新。     

Business models for material efficiency services: Conceptualization and application

Despite the abundant research on material flows and the growing recognition of the need to dematerialize the economy, business enterprises are still not making the best possible use of the many opportunities for material efficiency improvements. This article proposes one possible solution: material efficiency services provided by outside suppliers. It also introduces a conceptual framework for the analysis of different business models for eco-efficient services and applies the framework to material efficiency services. Four business models are outlined and their feasibility is studied from an empirical vantage point. In contrast to much of the previous research, special emphasis is laid on the financial aspects. It appears that the most promising business models are ‘material efficiency as additional service’ and ‘material flow management service’. Depending on the business model, prominent material efficiency service providers differ from large companies that offer multiple products and/or services to smaller, specialized providers. Potential clients (users) typically lack the resources (expertise, management's time or initial funds) to conduct material efficiency improvements themselves. Customers are more likely to use material efficiency services that relate to support materials or side-streams rather than those that are at the core of production. Potential client organizations with a strategy of outsourcing support activities and with experience of outsourcing are more keen to use material efficiency services.